Guide to Sentence Patterns for ESL Learners

Manual for Sentence Patterns for ESL Learners Sentence examples can be comprehended as the manner in which sentences are typically organized. It is critical to get familiar with the most widely recognized sentence designs in English, as the greater part of the sentences you will hear, compose, and talk will follow these essential examples. Sentence Patterns #1 - Noun/Verb The most essential sentence design is a thing followed by an action word. Its essential to recollect that solitary action words that don't require objects are utilized in this sentence design. Individuals work.Frank eats.Things occur. This essential sentence example can be changed by including a thing expression, possessive descriptive word, just as different components. This is valid for all the sentence designs that follow. Individuals work. - Our representatives work.Frank eats. - My pooch Frank eats.Things occur. - Crazy things occur. Sentence Patterns #2 - Noun/Verb/Noun The following sentence design expands on the main example and is utilized with things that can take objects. John plays softball.The young men are watching TV.She works at a bank. Sentence Patterns #3 - Noun/Verb/Adverb The following sentence design expands on the primary example by utilizing a verb modifier to depict how an activity is finished. Thomas drives quickly.Anna doesnt rest deeply.He does schoolwork cautiously. Sentence Patterns #4 - Noun/Linking Verb/Noun This sentence design utilizes connecting action words to interface one thing to another. Connecting action words are otherwise called likening action words - action words which compare one thing with another, for example, be, become, appear, and so on. Jack is a student.This seed will turn into an apple.France is a nation. Sentence Patterns #5 - Noun/Linking Verb/Adjective This sentence design is like sentence design #4, however utilizes connecting action words to interface one thing to its depiction utilizing a descriptor. My PC is slow!Her guardians appear unhappy.English appears to be simple. Sentence Patterns #6 - Noun/Verb/Noun/Noun Sentence design #6 is utilized with action words that take both immediate and backhanded items. I purchased Katherine a gift.Jennifer demonstrated Peter her car.The instructor disclosed the schoolwork to Peter.â Portions of speechâ are the distinctive kind of words. They are assembled to make sentence designs in English. Here are theâ eight grammatical forms. Learning grammatical features make understanding sentences easier.â Nounâ Things will be things, individuals, places, ideas - PC, Tom, table, Portland, Freedom Pronounâ Pronouns supplant things in sentences. There are subject, object, and posessive pronouns - he, I, them, our, its, us Modifier Modifiers portray things, individuals, spots and ideas. Descriptive words precede things. - huge, astounding, fun, minuscule Verbâ Action words are people main event, the activities they make. Action words are utilized in a wide range of tenses. - play, visit, purchase, cook Verb modifier Verb modifiers portray how, where or when something is finished. They regularly come toward the finish of a sentence. - consistently, gradually, cautiously Combination Conjunctions associate words and sentences. Conjunctions assist us with giving reasons and clarify. - be that as it may, and, in light of the fact that, if Relational word Relational words assist us with demonstrating the connection between things, individuals and spots. Relational words are frequently only a couple of letters. - in, at, off, about Contribution Contributions are utilized to include accentuation, show comprehension, or shock. Contributions are frequently trailed by shout focuses. - Wow!, ah, pow! There are various basic sentence designs used to compose most sentences in English. The essential sentence designs introduced in this manual for sentence examples will assist you with understanding the hidden example in even the most mind boggling English sentences. Step through this test to examination your comprehension of sentence examples and parts of speech.â What are the grammatical forms of the words inâ italicsâ in each sentence?  My friendâ livesâ in Italy.Sharon has a bicycle.Alice has a bananaâ andâ an apple. He studies French at school.Jason lives in New York.Wow! That sounds difficult.He lives in a big house.Mary drove homeâ quickly.â Which sentence design does each sentence have? Dwindle examines Russian. I am a teacher.I gotten him a gift.Alice is happy.My companions danced. Mark talked gradually. Answers to grammatical features test verbnounconjunctionpronounprepositioninterjectionadjectiveadverb Answers to sentence design test Thing/Verb/NounNoun/Linking Verb/NounNoun/Verb/Noun/NounNoun/Linking Verb/AdjectiveNoun/VerbNoun/Verb/Adverb

Wild animals free essay sample

Individuals have been charmed by the possibility that even the most out of control creatures can get to know the perfect individual. In actuality, keeping a wild creature as a pet frequently has heartbreaking outcomes for the creatures and the individuals, yet wild and extraordinary creatures keep on being brought into the US and offered to uncouth proprietors. While the restriction will contend that intriguing pet proprietorship can give safe and satisfying conditions to the creatures. pet proprietorship ought to be prohibited in light of the fact that home bondage is undesirable for the creatures, it proposes a danger to open wellbeing, and it proposes a danger to open security. More grounded laws should be set up to boycott the private responsibility for creatures. Fitting consideration for extraordinary creatures requires impressive mastery, particular offices, and deep rooted devotion to the creatures. Fundamental consideration for outlandish creatures is once in a while glanced in to, including legitimate veterinary consideration, which can be exceptionally troublesome since very few veterinarians are prepared or have any involvement in intriguing creatures. We will compose a custom article test on Wild creatures or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It is generally simple to buy colorful creatures through closeouts, the web, just as in states which have no bans or vaults. Numerous fascinating creatures are caught in coldhearted manners (â€Å"Exotic Animals as ‘Pets’ PETA†). Some wild creatures, particularly indulges, are taken directly from their wild grounds and sent to the U. S (The Dirty Side of the Exotic Animal Pet Trade ). This isn't just awful and some of the time savage for the creatures, yet in addition for their species in general and for the environments from which they came from(The Dirty Side of the Exotic Animal Pet Trade ). In spite of the fact that the restriction contends that keeping fascinating creatures hostage will shield creatures from getting wiped out, this is one reason that a few creatures are in danger of getting wiped out (â€Å"Exotic Animal Ethics†) . Infant tigers, for instance, might be taken directly from their moms by executing their moms and taking the fledglings. This unmistakably causes a decrease in their populace, injury to the whelp, and the start of a pattern of undesirable practices for the animal(The Dirty Side of the Exotic Animal Pet Trade ). Numerous creatures pass on before arriving at their goal (â€Å"Exotic Animals as ‘Pets’ PETA†). As outlandish creatures develop and develop, their oddity wears off, alongside the owner’s intrigue. The creatures lose their â€Å"cuteness† as their tempers structure and they become increasingly forceful, causing wounds and requiring bigger zones to live (Get the Facts†). Huge numbers of these creatures are compelled to live in unfortunate conditions with scarcely enough zone for them to walk (â€Å"Exotic Animals as Pets ASPCA†) . Wild creatures will in general approach a few miles every day and huge numbers of these creatures are kept in fenced in areas that scarcely fit the size of their bodies (â€Å"Exotic Animals as Pets ASAP†). They are not given consideration, took care of legitimate weight control plans, appropriate veterinary mind and have absence of enhancement exercises (â€Å"Get the Facts†). These creatures will in general give noteworthy indications of broken personalities by fast, steady pacing, biting on bars of their nooks, just as consistent resting (â€Å"Exotic Animals as Pets ASPCA†). Every one of these variables cause extraordinary disappointment for their proprietors as the creatures become disregarded and seen as a weight. The creatures, therefore, at that point become casualties of malnourishment and abuse(â€Å"Exotic Animals as ‘Pets’ PETA†). The Wildcat Sanctuary, an association that salvages huge felines has endless quantities of feline that were abused by their proprietors (â€Å"Keep the Wild in Your Heart Not Your Home†). Freedom, a cougar that was saved was accounted for to be â€Å"emaciated got dried out.. breaks to both her back legs.. suffured from an extreme shape of the sprine and pelvis†¦ the highest point of her ears were dangling just barely of fragile living creature and were about the tumble off .. what's more, she had pee consumes on the two sides of her legs†. It is difficult to accept than a proprietor would let a creature endure this way, however unfortunately it is extremely normal. Getting clinical consideration for these creatures is troublesome too. The greater part of the creatures appear to cover up there manifestations of ailment and in any event, when the disease is suspected, it is hard to track down a vet who is prepared to support the creature (â€Å"Exotic Animals as Pets ASPCA†). Creatures are not just the ones placed in peril when being help hostage, people are too.

International conference followup

International conference followup *Update as of 2015: Early action is available to both domestic and international students. This past week, I attended an annual conference on international admissions (I attended last year as well). The conference brings together guidance counselors from schools across the world with US/Canada admissions officers who work with international applications. As always, it was quite fascinating; I learned a lot, met some good people, and came away with a few new ideas. One of the most interesting things to come from this group in terms of information is the international financial aid list [XLS] [PDF]. OACACs Doug Thompson works hard to regularly produce this list of all US schools that provide at least $1 million in financial aid to students who are not US citizens or permanent residents. As you might imagine, MIT is near the top in terms of total money awarded; on the most recent list, were third, supplying $8,628,074 in aid to 261 undergraduate international students (many of the other 44 unaided students come in with full scholarships from their countries or generous large corporations). But, also, as you know, admission to MIT for international students is quite competitive (~4% admission rate last year), so its good to apply to a variety of schools at varying levels of selectivity to improve your chances of being admitted to and receiving aid from a US university. This list can be of great use to all international students who have financial need (and I know most of you do). There are lots of great schools also on the list. Many of them may well known overseas, but most of these schools provide a really top-notch education in a diverse and welcoming environment. Also, due to the presence of large numbers of international students from different socio-economic backgrounds, these are also great environments for US students to look at. Let me tell you more about a just few of the standouts on this list, and how they might fit into your plans: Mount Holyoke College: Mount Holyoke is a womens liberal arts college in Western Massachusetts. It is part of the Five College Consortium and the oldest of the historic Seven Sisters colleges. Check out its science programs. Their support of international students is perhaps the most impressive of all American colleges. Berea College: Located in a small college town about 35 miles south of Lexington, Kentucky, Berea is the alma mater of Mitras Dad (not yet as famous as Sams Mom). All students receive full tuition scholarships, and is only open to students who require financial assistance. For those of you interested in engineering, Berea offers a 3-2 dual-degree engineering program. Middlebury College: Located in rural Vermont, Middlebury is best known for its foreign language programs. It is also well known for its program in Environmental Studies, the oldest in the nation. Lawrence University: Lawrence University in Wisconsin, about 100 miles from Madison and Milwaukee, is a small college focusing on liberal arts sciences. It is one of Loren Popes Colleges That Change Lives and features a noted undergraduate-only Conservatory of Music. Lafayette College: Lafayette is located in rural northeast Pennsylvania, about 75 miles from New York City and from Philadelphia. Its engineering program is well known, and it offers opportunities for undergraduate research. and there are many more where those came from. The message today is that there are many great universities in the US for international students. I hope that for those of you who are looking to come to the States for university that youll cast a wide net not just MIT, or Harvard, or the other big name schools in your applications. If you spend good time researching and planning this process, youll come away with many good options and a way to finance it. Best wishes!

Financial Analysis Of UBS AG Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3337 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? UBS AG is a diversified global financial services company, having its main headquarters at Basel and Zurich, Switzerland. In June 1998, Union Bank of Switzerland and Swiss Bank Corporation (SBC) completed the merger announced six months previously. Just two years later, UBS acquired the US brokerage firm Paine Webber, greatly increasing the size and scope of its business. Then the new firm set the seal on these achievements by proclaiming a single brand. In this light, UBS is both a new institution and new brand. In the picturesque Swiss region of Valposchiavo, for example, one UBS branch traces its origins as far back as 1747. The core components of todays UBS date back to the second half of the nineteenth century. At the same time, its history extends many generations into the past, particularly in Switzerland, the US and the UK. UBS is ranked second worlds largest asset manager of private wealth, and is the second-largest bank in Europe, in both market capitalisation and profitability. With its major presence in United States UBS has its headquarters located in New York City; Weehawken, Private Wealth Management in New Jersey; and Stamford, Connecticut for Capital markets, UBSs has its retail offices throughout the U.S., and has its presence in more than 50 countries (www.ubs.com). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Analysis Of UBS AG Finance Essay" essay for you Create order UBS was force to turn to the Government of Singapore for fresh funding after incurring a huge loss in 2007. After funding, Government of Singapore Investment Corporation became the largest shareholder of UBS in 2007. UBS managers pledged to return bonuses after a dramatic loss in November 2008. New financial aid was expected from Swiss government after the UBS shareholders voted to restore the shaken trust in UBS (www.ubs.com). Credit Suisse found a new cross-town rival in the form of UBS which has evolved on a similar path. Both of them originated from Switzerland indulging in commercial and retail banking who purchased major investment banks in United States and both are being investigated by U.S. authorities currently for helping 17,000 American citizens to avoid taxes. Based on the order by the Swiss Financial Markets Supervisory Authority (FINMA), UBS on 18th February 2009, immediately has agreed to provide the identities of and account information of about 250 American clients to United States and also agreed to pay US$ 780 million in the form of compensation and fines (www.ubs.com). Company Finance function: https://chart.finance.yahoo.com/c/1y/u/ubs Source: https://chart.finance.yahoo.com/c/1y/u/ubs Modern companies need to raise finance from the capital market in order to invest in the real and intangible assets they need to earn profits. Their first priority is to ensure that they can source finance for both their short run and their long run needs in the most economical way possible. Corporate investment is by its nature risky and often capital intensive (Ryan, 2007). In order to justify the use of other peoples money a firm needs to ensure that the investment decisions it makes, taking into account its cost of capital, lead to an overall increase in the value of the firm and hence its investors wealth. Alongside the problem of sourcing finance at the cheapest cost, the firm has to make sure that all the investment decisions it undertakes are value adding. If they are not the firm will not be able to justify its existence for very long and will find itself out of business (Ryan, 2007). The ability to trade the financial claims of business ventures has been known about and practised for centuries. In the modern era the standardization of financial claims into homogenous trading units has transformed the way markets operate. Until the 1930s companies, for example, borrowed money from banks but following the Wall Street Crash in the United States there was a sudden loss of confidence in the banking sector. As a result, companies started to practise what governments had been doing for some time and sidestepped the banks going directly to lenders and offering them securitized debt in the form of bonds (Ryan, 2007). Although modern financial intermediaries are marvel of efficiency, the role of traditional intermediaries such as banks as providers of debt capital to corporations has declined for decades. Instead, nonfinancial corporations have increasingly turned to capital markets for external financing, principally because the rapidly declining cost of information processing makes it much easier for large number of investors to obtain and evaluate financial data for thousands of potential corporate borrowers and issuers of common and preferred stock equity (Megginson and Smart, 2006). The Five Basic Corporate Finance functions: Although corporate finance is defined generally as the activities involved in managing cash flows (money) in a business environment, a more complete definition would emphasize that the practice of corporate finance involves five basic functions: Raising capital to support companies operations and investment programs (the external financing function); Selecting the best projects in which to invest firms resources, based on each projects perceived risk and expected return (the capital budgeting function); Managing firms internal cash flows, its working capital, and its mix of debt and equity financing, both to maximize the value of firms debt and equity claims and to ensure that companies can pay off its obligations when due (the financial management function); Developing company-wide ownership and corporate governance structures that force managers to behave ethically and make decisions that benefit shareholders (the corporate governance function); and Managing firms exposures to all types of risk, both insurable and uninsurable, to maintain and optimal risk-return trade-off and therefore maximize shareholder value (the risk-management function). (Source: Megginson and Smart, 2006) UBS External financing: When corporations are young and small, they usually must raise equity capital privately, either from friends and family, or from professional investors such as venture capitalists. These professionals specialize in making high-risk/high-return investments in rapidly growing entrepreneurial businesses. Once firms reach a certain size, they may decide to go public by conducting an initial public offering (IPO) of stock-selling shares to outside investors and listing the shares for trading on a stock exchange. After IPOs, companies have the option of raising cash by selling additional stock in the future (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Capital Budgeting The capital budgeting function represents firms financial managers single most important activity, for two reasons. First, managers evaluate very large investments in the capital budgeting process. Second, companies can prosper in a competitive economy only be seeking out the most promising new products, processes, and services to deliver to customers. Companies such as Intel, General Electric, Shell, Samsung, and Toyota regularly make huge capital outlays. The capital budgeting process breaks down into three steps: Identifying potential investments; Analysing the set of investment opportunities and identifying those that create shareholder value; and Implementing and monitoring the investments (Source: Megginson and Smart, 2006) Risk Management Historically, risk management has identified the unpredictable act of nature risks (fire, flood, collision, and other property damage) to which firms was exposed and has used insurance products or self-insurance to manage those exposures. Todays risk-management function identifies, measures, and manages many more types of risk exposures, including predictable business risks. These exposures include losses that could result from adverse interest rate movements, commodity price changes, and currency value fluctuations. The techniques for managing such risks are among the most sophisticated of all corporate finance practices. The risk-management task attempts to quantify the sources and magnitudes of firms risk exposure and to decide whether to simply accept these risks or to manage them (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Corporate Governance Recent corporate scandals-such as financial collapses at Enron, Arthur Andersen, WorldCom, and Parmalat-clearly show that establishing good corporate governance systems is paramount. Governance systems determine who benefits most from company activities; then they establish procedures to maximize firm value and to ensure that employees act ethically and responsibly. Good management does not develop in a vacuum. It results from corporate governance systems that hires and promotes qualified, honest people, and that motivate employees to achieve company goals through salary and other incentives (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Developing corporate governance systems present quite a challenge in practice because conflicts inevitably arise among stockholders, managers, and other stakeholders interests. But rarely is it in the interest of any individual stockholder to spend the time and money needed to ensure that managers act appropriately. If individual stockholders conducted this type of oversight, they would personally bear all the costs of monitoring management, but would share the benefits with all other shareholders. This is a classic example of the collective action problem that arises in most relationship between stockholders and managers (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Bankruptcy and Corporate Financing Patterns The more debt a firm uses in its capital structure, the less likely the firm will be able to meet its debt service obligations, and the more likely default will occur (Benning and Sarig, p.347). It is this default likelihood that introduces bankruptcy costs into capital structure. As argued by Van Horne (p.268), the presence of bankruptcy costs is an important source of imperfection in the markets for corporate funds. Under imperfect conditions, there are the administrative costs of bankruptcy, and assets may have to be liquidated at less than their economic values (Bekter, p. 56). It is also this tendency that Myers (p.218) describes as the direct cost of bankruptcy. The implication of the presence of bankruptcy cost in financial leverage is manifested more by the fact that debt-financing generates risks. Not only that, but it has been argued that for instance that every financing decision comes with some risk implications on the value of the firm (Glen and Pinto, 1994). In U.S history the largest bankruptcy was finally coming to an end. On April 20, 2004, MCI, Inc. Emerged with an announcement that it had begun distributing securities and cash to its creditors according to a court-approved reorganization plan. MCIs chief executive officer, Michael Capellas, heralded a new beginning for his company, which had filed for bankruptcy court protection twenty-one months earlier-when the company was called WorldCom-after disclosing and $11 billion accounting fraud. At the time of its Chapter 11 filing, WorldCom had assets totalling nearly $104 billion and debts of $32 billion (Megginson and Smart, 2006). WorldCom shocked the business world when the company announced in June 2002 that it had fraudulently overstated $3.9 billion of expenses as capital expenditures, which had allowed it to book higher profits during the telecom boom years of 1998-2001. WorldCom chief financial officer Scott Sullivan was fired the day the accounting fraud was disclosed, and his exit followed that of founder and long-time CEO, BernineEbbers, who had been forced out in April 2002. Over the next two years, more than $7 billion in additional accounting errors and frauds were uncovered,, bringing the total misstatements to $11 billion, and in a March 2004 restatement of its 2001 and 2002 financial results, the company wrote off over $74 billion in previously booked profits and goodwill (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Corporate Control Transactions Changes in corporate control occur through several mechanisms, most notably via acquisitions. An acquisition is the purchase of additional resources by a business enterprise. These resources may come from the purchase of new assets, the purchase of some of the assets of another company, or the purchase of another whole business entity, which is known as a merger. Merger is itself a general term applied to a transaction in which two or more business organizations combine into a single entity. Oftentimes, however, the term merger s reserved for a transaction in which one corporation takes over another upon the approval of both companies boards of directors and shareholders after a friendly and mutually agreeable set of terms and conditions and a price are negotiated (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Statuary Merger A statutory merger is a form of target integration in which the acquirer can absorb the targets resources directly with no remaining trace of the target as a separate entity. Many intrastate bank mergers are of this form. Subsidiary Merger Conversely, an acquirer may wish to maintain the identity of the target as either a separate subsidiary or division. A subsidiary merger is often the integration vehicle when there is brand value in the name of the target, such as the case of PepsiCos merger with Pizza Hut in 1997. Sometimes, separate tracking or target shares are issued in the subsidiarys name. Sometimes, these shares are issued as new common shares in exchange for the targets common shares, as occurred when General Motors issued new Class E and Class H shares to acquire, respectively, Electronic Data Systems and Hughes Electronics during the 1980s. Alternatively, a new class of preferred stock may be issued by the bidding firm to replace the common shares of the target as well (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Consolidation Consolidation is another integrative form used to effect a merger of two publicly traded companies. Under this form, both the acquirer and target disappear as separate corporations and combine to form an entirely new corporation with new common stock (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Dealing with the Crisis The merger of the Union Bank of Switzerland and the Swiss Bank Corporation in June 1998 resulted in UBS evolution. The new company was named originally as Union Bank of Switzerland, but officials chose to call it as UBS as the name was clashing with United Bank Switzerland a subsidiary part of the United Bank Limited, Switzerland. United Bank of Switzerland is no longer known for its name as it made its brand name UBS like 3M. The carried over logo from SBC, which stands for confidence, security and discretion has remained with UBS. With its acquisitions of Dillon Read in New York and S. G. Warburg in London, SBC had investment banking business all over the world before the merger. Due to the Long-Term Capital Management crisis, in October 1998, the first chairman of the merged bank resigned which affected the Union Bank of Switzerland. After the acquisition of Paine Webber Group Inc. by UBS in 2000, it became the largest private clients wealth management company in the world. A CHF 3.265 trillion assets was invested in wealth management businesses, including the U.S. As the company began to operate as one large firm, all the business group of UBS were rebranded under the UNBS name on the 9th June 2003. All major companies bought by Union Bank of Switzerland like UBS Paine Webber, UBSWarburg, UBS Asset Management and others were just called UBS. With the retirement of the Paine Webber brand UBS took a US$1 billion write-down for the loss of good will associated with as a result of the rebranding. www.ubs.com In a report released on 01st April 2008, 15 billion Swiss francs (US$15.1 billion) in a new capital was seeked by Swiss bank UBS AG as it expected to post net losses of 12 billion Swiss francs (US$12.1 billion) for the first quarter of 2008. Around 19 billion dollars on U.S. real estate and related credit positions were expected to write-down as UBS was hit by U.S. Subprime mortgage crisis and losses. Fitch Ratings and Standard Poors, and Moody are cut down the long term credit rating of UBS in April 2008 to AA and Aa1 respectively. A new capital of CHF 6 billion through mandatory convertible notes was announced by UBS which they had on the 16th October 2008, and was place with Swiss Confederation. Transfer agreement of approximately USD 60 billion currently illiquid securities and various assets from UBS to a separate fund entity were made between the Swiss National Bank (SNB) and UBS (www.ubs.com). The third quarter Group net profit was announced by UBS on 4th November which was in line with their 16th October pre announcement, CHF 296 million standing with net profit attributable to UBS shareholders. A further CHF 4.8 billion of write-downs and losses on risk positions affected that quarter in gain on tax credit of over CHF 900 million and own credit of CHF 2.2 million. In an announcement made on the 12th November 2008, UBS said that from 2009 there will be no more than one-third of any cash bonus paid out in year it is earned with the rest held in reserve. Top executives will have to hold 75% of any vested shares; incentives would also vest after three years on shares with share bonus accounts subject to malus charges. US$6 billion of equity was put into the new bad bank entity by UBS in November 2008; a benefit option was kept only if the value of its assets were to recover. UBS structure guaranteed clarity for UBS investors by making an outright sale, which was indicated as a neat package by the New York Times (www.ubs.com). The head of the Swiss National Bank (SNB) and Chairman Jean-Pierre Roth on Friday the 30th January 2009was quoted on Reuters as saying that the two best capitalised banks in the world are UBS and Credit Suisse. In an announcement made on the 09th February 2009 by UBS, said that it lost nearly 20 billion Swiss francs (US$17.2 billion) in 2008, which is the single-year biggest loss in the history of Switzerland. The commitment to each of the UBS business divisions and strategy were confirmed by UBS Board of Directors and the Group Executive Board on the 10th February 2009. Investigations relating to UBS U.S. cross-border business are getting resolved by entering into a deferred prosecution agreement with the US Department of Justice and a Consent Order with the US Securities and Exchange Commission. US$380 million represents disgorgement of profits from its cross-border business out of US$780 million which UBS agreed to pay. And the remaining represents the tax amount of United States which UBS failed to withhold to the accounts. The interest, penalties and restitution for unpaid taxes are included in the figures. UBS also entered into an agreement with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of the deal in which it agreed to the charges of having acted as an unregistered broker-dealer and investment adviser for Americans (www.ubs.com). Initiative taken CHF 20.9 billion (US$ 18 billion) loss was posted by UBS AG on the 11th march 2009 which was stated in their revised FY 2008 report. It was said that UBS was extremely cautious about the outlook of 2009. UBS announced in its Annual General Meeting held on 15th April 2009, it has plans of cutting 8,700 jobs in its return to profitability.UBS had to make about US$50 billion in write-downs and announce of 11,000 job cuts since 2007 due to the global financial crisis. UBS agreed to sell its Brazilian financial service business, UBS Pactual, to BTG Investments for approximately USD 2.5 billion in a statement made on the April 21st 2009.UBS was aiming to reduce its risk profile and to become more profitable by the sale of the Brazilian business. U.S. federal grand jury charges were made on private banker Raoul Weil for which UBS formally cut all its ties on the 1st May 2009. Raoul had been suspended in November 2008 after he was indicated in correlation to the tax evasion affair. A first q uarter net loss of two billion Swiss francs (USD1.75 billion) was confirmed by UBS on May 20th 2009 which was less than initially expected. UBS restated its 2008 annual report on the May 20th 2009. A further reduction in the net profit was announced by the bank of CHF 450 million, and CHF 269 million in reduction of equity and equity attributable to UBS shareholders (www.ubs.com). UBS strengthened its capital base by placing 293.3 million shares from existing authorized capital by taking the advantage of current market conditions. A small number of large institutional investors were placed with the shares. In the view of the regulators it was consistent that this capital raising aims at strengthening confidence in UBS and the Swiss financial centre which is claimed by UBS. The second quarter loss of CHF 1.4 billion (US$1.32 billion) was reported on the 4th August 2009. The Swiss government made a statement of selling its CHF 6 billion stake in UBS on the 20th August 2009, making significant profit; the mandatory convertible notes of 332.2 million which it had purchased in 2008 to help UBS clear its balance sheets of toxic assets (www.ubs.com).

Food Manufactures have Taken Over - 1776 Words

Gone were the days when industrialization was the prime origin and a new age of economic boom in our country. This was a period where factories were established, provision of jobs being vastly increased for Americans, big machines and buildings built to accommodate and the exploit the opportunity and moment at hand. Due to this sudden improvement, food manufactures being the primary industry and instrumental in their clever ways; developed a way to profit by reducing workers, encouraged unsanitary habits and unscrupulous ways which resulted as a disastrous blow to the public. This bad habit in the food industry (primarily the meat factories) in late 1800s to early 1900s aroused one of the most controversial novel (expose) â€Å"The Jungle† by Upton Sinclair, and yet thrilling insight with details as to what was going on in the meat industry. Upton Sinclair describes the frightful and dangerous working conditions of one meat packing facility in Chicago, thus far these condition s were common to all facilities which led to laws that changed the bad patterns of these manufactures. Workers with peculiar diseases in the meat factory had no alternative, but to work in the poor condition due to the activities and establishments of production which showed no well-being for the employees and as to what they might be going through. The rise in the economy recommended the young, old, men and women to seek for jobs in the meat packing industry which had a vast employment rate.Show MoreRelatedTimberland: Swiss Franc and Forward Rate Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pages(914-923-1416) by 11:55PM on Saturday, May 10, 2014. Late submissions will be downgraded! This is an open book test and you may discuss an answer with other students. But you must submit your own answer in your own words! Further any information taken from the text or other sources must be paraphrased. That is, it also must be put into your own words. No quotes! Warning! Common or group answers are not accepted and will receive zero credit. Read The Questions Carefully and Be Sure to AddressRead MoreGenetically Modified Food Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pageslittle about genetically modified foods (Rutgers Today, 2013) and the food industry estimates that upwards of 75%-80% of all food on the market is modified (Painter, 2016). Government agencies deem modified foods safe for consumption, however peer nations like France and Germany have banned modified foods with the exception of corn to keep weevils at bay. With no labels to highlight what biotechnology and genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) are and whats added to food, Americans will never know exactlyRead MorePet Food As A Multibillion Dollar Industry1572 Words   |  7 Pagesmore. 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A Good Persuasive Free Essays

A good persuasive essay topic would consist of two essential components; the capability to persuade people with your writing skills and the second is to select a persuasive essay topic, which would interest the large number of audience. One of the trickiest tasks in persuasive essay writing process is choosing a right topic. Make sure the topic you choose must be creative, original, of your interest and you have some knowledge regarding it. We will write a custom essay sample on A Good Persuasive or any similar topic only for you Order Now It must be presented in a most convincing matter. Many students fail to choose a convincing topic and therefore, they are unable to attain good marks.Utilize all the available resources in order to find a topic for your persuasive essay. You can find numerous topics from books, class lectures, Internet, magazines, newspapers, television programs and experiencing the phenomena on your own. Following are some persuasive essay topic from, which you can choose a topic of your choice: ‘ Advertisement targeting practices ‘ Internet privacy issues ‘ Clash of civilization ‘ Environmental issues ‘ Homosexuality ‘ Is music downloading illegal? ‘ Wealth and power ‘ Life beyond earth ‘ Women and Islam Steroid and sports ‘ Discuss the difference between the life of big city and small city ‘ Importance of games in a student’s life ‘ Effects of globalization on one’s life ‘ Space exploration ‘ Moralit y and Religion ‘ Commercials of liquor ‘Cyber stalkers ‘ Immigration Policies ‘ Religion in Schools and Colleges ‘ Nurture versus Nature ‘ Influence of media on one’s life ‘ Salary caps for professional students ‘ Is human cloning right? ‘ Terrorist attack in Iraq ‘ Are beauty contests harmful? ‘ Disney films ‘ Violent movies Internet filters ‘ Plastic surgery programs ‘ Sports gambling ‘ Effects of beer commercials on elementary school children ‘ Professional athletic strikes ‘ Benefits of team work in an organization ‘ Criminals and Criminology ‘ Ecology of Earth ‘ Understanding Addictions ‘ Commercialization of sports Above are some persuasive essays topics that help students in choosing a topic of their interest. When selecting a topic, it is necessary to keep in mind, the topic you choose must be of your interest and you have some knowledge regard ing it. How to cite A Good Persuasive, Essays

Poetry Forms and Types Essay Example

Poetry: Forms and Types Paper Acrostic A poem in which the first letter of each line spells out a word, name, or phrase when read vertically. See Lewis Carrolls A Boat beneath a Sunny Sky. Alexandrine In English, a 12-syllable iambic line adapted from French heroic verse. The last line of each stanza in Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain and Percy Bysshe Shelleys To a Skylark is an alexandrine. Anagram A word spelled out by rearranging the letters of another word; for example, The teacher gapes at the mounds of exam pages lying before her. Ars Poetica A poem that explains the art of poetry, or a medidation on poetry using the form and techniques of a poem. Horaces Ars Poetica is an early example, and the foundation for the tradition. While Horace writes of the importance of delighting and instructing audiences, modernist ars poetica poets argue that poems should be written for their own sake, as art for the sake of art. Archibald MacLeishs famous Ars Poetica sums up the argument: A poem should not mean / But be. See also Alexander Popes An Essay on Criticism, William Wordsworths Prelude, and Wallace Stevenss Of Modern Poetry. Aubade A love poem or song welcoming or lamenting the arrival of the dawn. The form originated in medieval France. See John Donnes The Sun Rising and Louise Bogans Leave-Taking. Browse more aubade poems. Ballad A popular narrative song passed down orally. In the English tradition, it usually follows a form of rhymed (abcb) quatrains alternating four-stress and three-stress lines. Folk (or traditional) ballads are anonymous and recount tragic, comic, or heroic stories with emphasis on a central dramatic event; examples include Barbara Allen and John Henry. Beginning in the Renaissance, poets have adapted the conventions of the folk ballad for their own original compositions. Examples of this literary ballad form include John Keatss La Belle Dame sans Merci, Thomas Hardys During Wind and Rain, and Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee. Browse more ballads. Ballade An Old French verse form that usually consists of three eight-line stanzas and a four-line envoy, with a rhyme scheme of ababbcbc bcbc. The last line of the first stanza is repeated at the end of subsequent stanzas and the envoy. See Hilaire Bellocs Ballade of Modest Confession and Algernon Charles Swinburnes translation of Franà §ois Villons Ballade des Pendus (Ballade of the Hanged). Bucolic See pastoral poetry. Canto A long subsection of an epic or long narrative poem, such as Dante Alighieris Commedia (The Divine Comedy), first employed in English by Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene. Other examples include Lord Byrons Don Juan and Ezra Pounds Cantos. Canzone Literally song in Italian, the canzone is a lyric poem originating in medieval Italy and France and usually consisting of hendecasyllabic lines with end-rhyme. The canzone influenced the development of the sonnet. Carol A hymn or poem often sung by a group, with an individual taking the changing stanzas and the group taking the burden or refrain. See Robert Southwells The Burning Babe. Many traditional Christmas songs are carols, such as I Saw Three Ships and The Twelve Days of Christmas. Concrete poetry Verse that emphasizes nonlinguistic elements in its meaning, such as a typeface that creates a visual image of the topic. Examples include George Herberts Easter Wings and The Altar and George Starbucks Poem in the Shape of a Potted Christmas Tree. Browse more concrete poems. Couplet A pair of successive rhyming lines, usually of the same length. A couplet is closed when the lines form a bounded grammatical unit like a sentence (see Dorothy Parkers Interview: The ladies men admire, Ive heard, /Would shudder at a wicked word.). The heroic couplet is written in iambic pentameter and features prominently in the work of 17th- and 18th-century didactic and satirical poets such as Alexander Pope: Some have at first for wits, then poets passd, /Turnd critics next, and proved plain fools at last. Browse more couplet poems. Curtal sonnet See Sonnet. Didactic poetry Poetry that instructs, either in terms of morals or by providing knowledge of philosophy, religion, arts, science, or skills. Although some poets believe that all poetry is inherently instructional, didactic poetry separately refers to poems that contain a clear moral or message or purpose to convey to its readers. John Miltons epic Paradise Lost and Alexander Popes An Essay on Man are famous examples. See also William Blakes A Divine Image, Rudyard Kiplings If—, and Alfred Lord Tennysons In Memoriam. Dirge A brief hymn or song of lamentation and grief; it was typically composed to be performed at a funeral. In lyric poetry, a dirge tends to be shorter and less meditative than an elegy. See Christina Rossettis A Dirge and Sir Philip Sidneys Ring Out Your Bells. Doggerel Bad verse traditionally characterized by clichà ©s, clumsiness, and irregular meter. It is often unintentionally humorous. The giftedly bad William McGonagall was an accomplished doggerelist, as demonstrated in The Tay Bridge Disaster Dramatic monologue A poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader. Examples include Robert Brownings My Last Duchess, T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, and Ais Killing Floor. A lyric may also be addressed to someone, but it is short and songlike and may appear to address either the reader or the poet. Browse more dramatic monologue poems. Eclogue A brief, dramatic pastoral poem, set in an idyllic rural place but discussing urban, legal, political, or social issues. Bucolics and idylls, like eclogues, are pastoral poems, but in nondramatic form. See Edmund Spensers Shepheardes Calendar: April, Andrew Marvells Nymph Complaining for the Death of Her Fawn, and John Crowe Ransoms Eclogue. Elegy In traditional English poetry, it is often a melancholy poem that laments its subjects death but ends in consolation. Examples include John Miltons Lycidas; Alfred, Lord Tennysons In Memoriam; and Walt Whitmans When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd. More recently, Peter Sacks has elegized his father in Natal Command, and Mary Jo Bang has written You Were You Are Elegy and other poems for her son. In the 18th century the elegiac stanza emerged, though its use has not been exclusive to elegies. It is a quatrain with the rhyme scheme ABAB written in iambic pentameter. Browse more elegies. Envoi (or Envoy) The brief stanza that ends French poetic forms such as the ballade or sestina. It usually serves as a summation or a dedication to a particular person. See Hilaire Bellocs satirical Ballade of Modest Confession. Epic A long narrative poem in which a heroic protagonist engages in an action of great mythic or historical significance. Notable English epics include Beowulf, Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene (which follows the virtuous exploits of 12 knights in the service of the mythical King Arthur), and John Miltons Paradise Lost, which dramatizes Satans fall from Heaven and humankinds subsequent alienation from God in the Garden of Eden. Browse more epics. Epigram A pithy, often witty, poem. See Walter Savage Landors Dirce, Ben Jonsons On Gut, or much of the work of J.V. Cunningham. Epistle A letter in verse, usually addressed to a person close to the writer. Its themes may be moral and philosophical, or intimate and sentimental. Alexander Pope favored the form; see his Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, in which the poet addresses a physician in his social circle. The epistle peaked in popularity in the 18th century, though Lord Byron and Robert Browning composed several in the next century; see Byrons Epistle to Augusta. Less formal, more conversational versions of the epistle can be found in contemporary lyric poetry; see Hayden Carruths The Afterlife: Letter to Sam Hamill or Dear Mr. Fanelli by Charles Bernstein. Browse more epistles. Epitaph A short poem intended for (or imagined as) an inscription on a tombstone and often serving as a brief elegy. See Robert Herricks Upon a Child That Died and Upon Ben Jonson; Ben Jonsons Epitaph on Elizabeth, L. H.; and Epitaph for a Romantic Woman by Louise Bogan. Epithalamion A lyric poem in praise of Hymen (the Greek god of marriage), an epithalamion often blesses a wedding and in modern times is often read at the wedding ceremony or reception. See Edmund Spensers Epithalamion. Browse more epithalamions. Fixed and unfixed forms Poems that have a set number of lines, rhymes, and/or metrical arrangements per line. Browse all terms related to forms, including alcaics, alexandrine, aubade, ballad, ballade, carol, concrete poetry, double dactyl, dramatic monologue, eclogue, elegy, epic, epistle, epithalamion, free verse, haiku, heroic couplet, limerick, madrigal, mock epic, ode, ottava rima, pastoral, quatrain, renga, rondeau, rondel, sestina, sonnet, Spenserian stanza, tanka, tercet, terza rima, and villanelle. Found poem A prose text or texts reshaped by a poet into quasi-metrical lines. Fragments of found poetry may appear within an original poem as well. Portions of Ezra Pounds Cantos are found poetry, culled from historical letters and government documents. Charles Olson created his poem There Was a Youth whose Name Was Thomas Granger using a report from William Bradfords History of Plymouth Plantation. Fourteener A metrical line of 14 syllables (usually seven iambic feet). A relatively long line, it can be found in narrative poetry from the Middle Ages through the 16th century. Fourteener couplets broken into quatrains are known as common measure or ballad meter. See also Poulters measure. Free verse Nonmetrical, nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural rhythms of speech. A regular pattern of sound or rhythm may emerge in free-verse lines, but the poet does not adhere to a metrical plan in their composition. Matthew Arnold and Walt Whitman explored the possibilities of nonmetrical poetry in the 19th century. Since the early 20th century, the majority of published lyric poetry has been written in free verse. See the work of William Carlos Williams, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and H.D. Browse more free-verse poems. Genre A class or category of texts with similarities in form, style, or subject matter. The definition of a genre changes over time, and a text often interacts with multiple genres. A texts relationship to a particular genre—whether it defies or supports a genres set of expectations—is often of interest when conducting literary analysis. Four major genres of literature include poetry, drama, nonfiction, and fiction. Poetry can be divided into further genres, such as epic, lyric, narrative, satirical, or prose poetry. For more examples of genres, browse poems by type. GhazalL(Pronounciation guzzle) Originally an Arabic verse form dealing with loss and romantic love, medieval Persian poets embraced the ghazal, eventually making it their own. Consisting of syntactically and grammatically complete couplets, the form also has an intricate rhyme scheme. Each couplet ends on the same word or phrase (the radif), and is preceded by the couplets rhyming word (the qafia, which appears twice in the first couplet). The last couplet includes a proper name, often of the poets. In the Persian tradition, each couplet was of the same meter and length, and the subject matter included both erotic longing and religious belief or mysticism. English-language poets who have composed in the form include Adrienne Rich, John Hollander, and Agha Shahid Ali; see Alis Tonight and Patricia Smiths Hip-Hop Ghazal. Gnomic verse Poems laced with proverbs, aphorisms, or maxims. The term was first applied to Greek poets in the 6th century BCE and was practiced in medieval Germany and England. See excerpts from the Exeter Book. Robert Creeley explored the genre in his contemporary Gnomic Verses. Haiku (or hokku) A Japanese verse form of three unrhyming lines in five, seven, and five syllables. It creates a single, memorable image, as in these lines by Kobayashi Issa, translated by Jane Hirshfield Heroic couplet See couplet. Horatian ode See ode. Hymn A poem praising God or the divine, often sung. In English, the most popular hymns were written between the 17th and 19th centuries. See Isaac Wattss Our God, Our Help, Charles Wesleys My God! I Know, I Feel Thee Mine, and Thou Hidden Love of God by John Wesley. Italian sonnet See Sonnet. Lament Any poem expressing deep grief, usually at the death of a loved one or some other loss. Related to elegy and the dirge. See A Lament by Percy Bysshe Shelley; Thom Gunns Lament; and Edna St. Vincent Millays Lament. Landays A form of folk poetry from Afghanistan. Meant to be recited or sung aloud, and frequently anonymous, the form is a couplet comprised of 22 syllables. The first line has 9 syllables and the second line 13 syllables. Landays end on ma or na sounds and treat themes such as love, grief, homeland, war, and separation. See Eliza Griswolds extensive reporting on the form in the June 2013 issue of Poetry, in which she explains how the form was created by and for the more than 20 million Pashtun women who span the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Light verse Whimsical poems taking forms such as limericks, nonsense poems, and double dactyls. See Edward Lears The Owl and the Pussy-Cat and Lewis Carrolls The Walrus and the Carpenter. Other masters of light verse include Dorothy Parker, G.K. Chesterton, John Hollander, and Wendy Cope. Limerick A fixed light-verse form of five generally anapestic lines rhyming AABBA. Edward Lear, who popularized the form, fused the third and fourth lines into a single line with internal rhyme. Limericks are traditionally bawdy or just irreverent; see A Young Lady of Lynn or Lears There was an Old Man with a Beard. Browse more limericks. Lyric Originally a composition meant for musical accompaniment. The term refers to a short poem in which the poet, the poets persona, or another speaker expresses personal feelings. See Robert Herricks To Anthea, who May Command Him Anything, John Clares I Hid My Love, Louise Bogans Song for the Last Act, or Louise Glà ¼cks Vita Nova. Madrigal A song or short lyric poem intended for multiple singers. Originating in 14th-century Italy, it became popular in England in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. It has no fixed metrical requirements. See Rosalinds Madrigal by Thomas Lodge. Mock epic A poem that plays with the conventions of the epic to comment on a topic satirically. In Mac Flecknoe, John Dryden wittily flaunts his mastery of the epic genre to cut down a literary rival. Alexander Popes The Rape of the Lock recasts a petty high-society scandal as a mythological battle for the virtue of an innocent. Occasional poem A poem written to describe or comment on a particular event and often written for a public reading. Alfred, Lord Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade commemorates a disastrous battle in the Crimean War. George Starbuck wrote Of Late after reading a newspaper account of a Vietnam War protesters suicide. Elizabeth Alexanders Praise Song for the Day was written for the inauguration of President Barack Obama. See also elegy, epithalamion, and ode. Octave An eight-line stanza or poem. See ottava rima and triolet. The first eight lines of an Italian or Petrarchan sonnet are also called an octave. Ode A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. Its stanza forms vary. The Greek or Pindaric (Pindar, ca. 552-442 B.C.E.) ode was a public poem, usually set to music, that celebrated athletic victories. (See Stephen Burts article And the Winner Is . . . Pindar!) English odes written in the Pindaric tradition include Thomas Grays The Progress of Poesy: A Pindaric Ode and William Wordsworths Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Reflections of Early Childhood. Horatian odes, after the Latin poet Horace (65-8 B.C.E.), were written in quatrains in a more philosophical, contemplative manner; see Andrew Marvells Horatian Ode upon Cromwells Return from Ireland. The Sapphic ode consists of quatrains, three 11-syllable lines, and a final five-syllable line, unrhyming but with a strict meter. See Algernon Charles Swinburnes Sapphics. The odes of the English Romantic poets vary in stanza form. They often address an intense emotion at th e onset of a personal crisis (see Samuel Taylor Coleridges Dejection: An Ode,) or celebrate an object or image that leads to revelation (see John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, and To Autumn). Browse more odes. Ottava rima Originally an Italian stanza of eight 11-syllable lines, with a rhyme scheme of ABABABCC. Sir Thomas Wyatt introduced the form in English, and Lord Byron adapted it to a 10-syllable line for his mock-epic Don Juan. W.B. Yeats used it for Among School Children and Sailing to Byzantium. Browse more ottava rima poems. Palinode An ode or song that retracts or recants what the poet wrote in a previous poem. For instance, Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales ends with a retraction, in which he apologizes for the works worldly vanitees and sinful contents. Panegyric A poem of effusive praise. Its origins are Greek, and it is closely related to the eulogy and the ode. See Ben Jonsons To the Memory of My Beloved the Author, Mr. William Shakespeare or Anne Bradstreets In Honor of That High and Mighty Princess, Queen Elizabeth. Pantoum A Malaysian verse form adapted by French poets and occasionally imitated in English. It comprises a series of quatrains, with the second and fourth lines of each quatrain repeated as the first and third lines of the next. The second and fourth lines of the final stanza repeat the first and third lines of the first stanza. See A.E. Stallingss Another Lullaby for Insomniacs. Browse more pantoums. Pastoral Verse in the tradition of Theocritus (3 BCE), who wrote idealized accounts of shepherds and their loves living simple, virtuous lives in Arcadia, a mountainous region of Greece. Poets writing in English drew on the pastoral tradition by retreating from the trappings of modernity to the imagined virtues and romance of rural life, as in Edmund Spensers The Shepheardes Calendar, Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, and Sir Walter Raleghs response, The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd. The pastoral poem faded after the European Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, but its themes persist in poems that romanticize rural life or reappraise the natural world; see Leonie Adamss Country Summer, Dylan Thomass Fern Hill, or Allen Ginsbergs Wales Visitation. Browse more pastoral poems. Pattern poetry See Concrete poetry. Pindaric ode See Ode. Prose poem A prose composition that, while not broken into verse lines, demonstrates other traits such as symbols, metaphors, and other figures of speech common to poetry. See Amy Lowells Bath, Metals Metals by Russell Edson, Information by David Ignatow, and Harryette Mullens [Kills bugs dead.] Browse more prose poems. Quatrain A four-line stanza, rhyming Ballad quatrain -ABAC or ABCB (known as unbounded quatrain), as in Samuel Taylor Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Double couplet -AABB; see A.E. Housmans To an Athlete Dying Young. Heroic couplet -ABAB (known as interlaced, alternate), as in Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard or Sadie and Maud by Gwendolyn Brooks. Enclosed couplet -ABBA (known as envelope), as in Alfred, Lord Tennysons In Memoriam or John Ciardis Most Like an Arch This Marriage. Refrain A phrase or line repeated at intervals within a poem, especially at the end of a stanza. See the refrain jump back, honey, jump back in Paul Lawrence Dunbars A Negro Love Song or return and return again in James Laughlins O Best of All Nights, Return and Return Again. Browse poems with a refrain. Renga A Japanese form composed of a series of half-tanka written by different poets. The opening stanza is the basis of the modern haiku form. Rhyme royal (rime royale) A stanza of seven 10-syllable lines, rhyming ABABBCC, popularized by Geoffrey Chaucer and termed royal because his imitator, James I of Scotland, employed it in his own verse. In addition to Chaucers Troilus and Criseyde, see Sir Thomas Wyatts They flee from me and William Wordsworths Resolution and Independence. Romance French in origin, a genre of long narrative poetry about medieval courtly culture and secret love. It triumphed in English with tales of chivalry such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Geoffrey Chaucers The Knights Tale and Troilus and Criseyde. Rondeau Originating in France, a mainly octosyllabic poem consisting of between 10 and 15 lines and three stanzas. It has only two rhymes, with the opening words used twice as an unrhyming refrain at the end of the second and third stanzas. The 10-line version rhymes ABBAABc ABBAc (where the lower-case c stands for the refrain). The 15-line version often rhymes AABBA AABc AABAc. Geoffrey Chaucers Now welcome, summer at the close of The Parlement of Fowls is an example of a 13-line rondeau. A rondeau redoublà © consists of six quatrains using two rhymes. The first quatrain consists of four refrain lines that are used, in sequence, as the last lines of the next four quatrains, and a phrase from the first refrain is repeated as a tail at the end of the final stanza. See Dorothy Parkers Roudeau Redoublà © (and Scarcely Worth the Trouble at That). Rondel (roundel) A poetic form of 11 to 14 lines consisting of two rhymes and the repetition of the first two lines in the middle of the poem and at its end. Algernon Charles Swinburnes The Roundel is 11 lines in two stanzas. Sapphic verse See ode. Sestet A six-line stanza, or the final six lines of a 14-line Italian or Petrarchan sonnet. Sestina A complex French verse form, usually unrhymed, consisting of six stanzas of six lines each and a three-line envoy. The end words of the first stanza are repeated in a different order as end words in each of the subsequent five stanzas; the closing envoy contains all six words, two per line, placed in the middle and at the end of the three lines. The patterns of word repetition are as follows, with each number representing the final word of a line, and each row of numbers representing a stanza: Shakespearean sonnet See Sonnet. Sijo A Korean verse form related to haiku and tanka and comprised of three lines of 14-16 syllables each, for a total of 44-46 syllables. Each line contains a pause near the middle, similar to a caesura, though the break need not be metrical. The first half of the line contains six to nine syllables; the second half should contain no fewer than five. Originally intended as songs, sijo can treat romantic, metaphysical, or spiritual themes. Whatever the subject, the first line introduces an idea or story, the second supplies a turn, and the third provides closure. Modern sijo are sometimes printed in six lines. Slam A competitive poetry performance in which selected audience members score performers, and winners are determined by total points. Slam is a composite genre that combines elements of poetry, theater, performance, and storytelling. The genres origins can be traced to Chicago in the early 1980s. Since then, groups of volunteers have organized slams in venues across the world. The first National Poetry Slam was held in 1990, and has become an annual event in which teams from cities across the United States compete at events in a host city. For more on poetry slams, see Jeremy Richardss series Performing the Academy. See also poets Tyehimba Jess, Bob Holman, and Patricia Smith. Sonnet A 14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme originating in Italy and brought to England by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey in the 16th century. Literally a little song, the sonnet traditionally reflects upon a single sentiment, with a clarification or turn of thought in its concluding lines. The Petrarchan sonnet perfected by the Italian poet Petrarch, divides the 14 lines into two sections: an eight-line stanza (octave) rhyming ABBAABBA, and a six-line stanza (sestet) rhyming CDCDCD or CDEEDE. John Miltons When I Consider How my Light Is Spent and Elizabeth Barrett Brownings How Do I Love Thee employ this form. The Italian sonnet is an English variation on the traditional Petrarchan version. The octaves rhyme scheme is preserved, but the sestet rhymes CDDCEE. See Thomas Wyatts Whoso List to Hunt, I Know Where Is an Hind and John Donnes If Poisonous Minerals, and If That Tree. English sonnet Wyatt and Surrey developed the Shakespearean sonnet, which condenses the 14 lines into one stanza of three quatrains and a concluding couplet, with a rhyme scheme of ABABCDCDEFEFGG (though poets have frequently varied this scheme; see Wilfred Owens Anthem for Doomed Youth). George Herberts Love (II), Claude McKays America, and Molly Peacocks Altruism are English sonnets. The caudate sonnet which adds codas or tails to the 14-line poem. See Gerard Manley Hopkinss That Nature Is a Heraclitean Fire. The curtal sonnet a shortened version devised by Gerard Manley Hopkins that maintains the proportions of the Italian form, substituting two six-stress tercets for two quatrains in the octave (rhyming ABC ABC), and four and a half lines for the sestet (rhyming DEBDE), also six-stress except for the final three-stress line. See his poem Pied Beauty. The sonnet redouble also known as a crown of sonnets, is composed of 15 sonnets that are linked by the repetition of the final line of one sonnet as the initial line of the next, and the final line of that sonnet as the initial line of the previous; the last sonnet consists of all the repeated lines of the previous 14 sonnets, in the same order in which they appeared. Marilyn Nelsons A Wreath for Emmett Till is a contemporary example. A sonnet sequence is a group of sonnets sharing the same subject matter and sometimes a dramatic situation and persona. See George Merediths Modern Love sequence, Sir Philip Sidneys Astrophel and Stella, Rupert Brookes 1914 sequence, and Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Sonnets from the Portuguese. The Spenserian sonnet is a 14-line poem developed by Edmund Spenser in his Amoretti, that varies the English form by interlocking the three quatrains (ABAB BCBC CDCD EE). The stretched sonnet is extended to 16 or more lines, such as those in George Merediths sequence Modern Love. A submerged sonnet tucked into a longer poetic work; see lines 235-48 of T.S. Eliots The Waste Land. Spenserian stanza The unit of Edmund Spensers long poem The Faerie Queene, consisting of eight iambic-pentameter lines and a final alexandrine, with a rhyme scheme of ABABBCBCC. Later uses of this stanza form include John Keatss The Eve of St. Agnes, Percy Bysshe Shelleys Adonais, and Alfred Lord Tennysons The Lotos-Eaters. Stanza A grouping of lines separated from others in a poem. In modern free verse, the stanza, like a prose paragraph, can be used to mark a shift in mood, time, or thought. Syllabic verse Poetry whose meter is determined by the total number of syllables per line, rather than the number of stresses. Marianne Moores poetry is mostly syllabic. Other examples include Thomas Nashes Adieu, farewell earths bliss and Dylan Thomass Poem in October. Browse more poems in syllabic verse. Tanka A Japanese form of five lines with 5, 7, 5, 7, and 7 syllables—31 in all. See Philip Applemans Three Haiku, Two Tanka. See also renga. Tercet A poetic unit of three lines, rhymed or unrhymed. Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain rhymes AAA BBB; Ben Jonsons On Spies is a three-line poem rhyming AAA; and Percy Bysshe Shelleys Ode to the West Wind is written in terza rima form. Examples of poems in unrhymed tercets include Wallace Stevenss The Snow Man and David Wagoners For a Student Sleeping in a Poetry Workshop. Terza rima An Italian stanzaic form, used most notably by Dante Alighieri in Commedia (The Divine Comedy), consisting of tercets with interwoven rhymes (ABA BCB DED EFE, and so on). A concluding couplet rhymes with the penultimate line of the last tercet. See Percy Bysshe Shelleys Ode to the West Wind, Derek Walcotts The Bounty, and Omeros, and Jacqueline Osherows Autumn Psalm. Triolet An eight-line stanza having just two rhymes and repeating the first line as the fourth and seventh lines, and the second line as the eighth. See Sandra McPhersons Triolet or Triolets in the Argolid by Rachel Hadas. Verse As a mass noun, poetry in general; as a regular noun, a line of poetry. Typically used to refer to poetry that possesses more formal qualities. Verse paragraph A group of verse lines that make up a single rhetorical unit. In longer poems, the first line is often indented, like a paragraph in prose. The long narrative passages of John Miltons Paradise Lost are verse paragraphs. The titled sections of Robert Pinskys Essay on Psychiatrists demarcate shifts in focus and argument much as prose paragraphs would. A shorter lyric poem, even when broken into stanzas, could be considered a single verse paragraph, insofar as it expresses a unified mood or thought; see Gail Mazurs Evening. Villanelle A French verse form consisting of five three-line stanzas and a final quatrain, with the first and third lines of the first stanza repeating alternately in the following stanzas. These two refrain lines form the final couplet in the quatrain. See Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas, Elizabeth Bishops One Art, and Edwin Arlington Robinsons The House on the Hill.

The Oxford Comma Explained

The Oxford Comma Explained Theres not a subject more divisive to grammarians, writers, and editors than the usage of the Oxford (or serial) comma. The Oxford comma is the last comma used in a list of three or more items and is stylistic in its usage, which essentially means that you use it depending on what kind of writing youre doing. Proponents of the Oxford comma say that this last comma provides clarity and helps the reader. However, those anti-Oxford comma writers out there say that this last comma clutters up the page and that the use of it may even contribute to more confusion.So, how do you know if you should use it in your writing? Why should you use it (or why should you not)? Here is a guide to all things Oxford comma to help you determine which side of the argument you fall on.What is the Oxford comma?The Oxford Dictionarys website defines the Oxford comma as, an optional comma before the word and at the end of a list†¦ its known as the Oxford comma because it was traditionally used by printer s, readers, and editors at Oxford University Press. Not all writers and publishers use it, but it can clarify the meaning of a sentence when the items in a list are not single words.The history of the Oxford comma is a bit murky, but according to an article on Business Insider, the first person to write down this powerful little punctuation mark as rule was a man named Frederick Howard Collins who was a British indexer and writer. He featured commentary on the serial comma in his 1912 book published by Oxford University Press entitled, Authors Printers Dictionary: A Guide for Authors.In his reasoning for using the serial comma, Collins wrote:The late Herbert Spencer [the Victorian philosopher and scientist] allowed me to quote from his letter:- whether to write black, white, and green, with the comma after white, or to leave out the comma and write black, white and green- I very positively decide in favour of the first. To me the comma is of value as marking out the component eleme nts of a thought, and where any set of components of a thought are of equal value, they should be punctuated in printing and in speech equally. Evidently therefore in this case, inasmuch as when enumerating these colours black, white, and green, the white is just as much to be emphasized as the other two, it needs the pause after it just as much as the black does.Frederick Howard CollinsSo essentially what Collins was saying (through Spencer) is that just because something is last in a list doesnt mean that it shouldnt get the same pause and treatment as the first two or more items in a list. For the last century, Oxford University Press and other institutions of style and grammar have insisted on the usage of this last comma.When should you use the Oxford comma?Now that we know a little bit about the history of the Oxford comma and that its used to clarify sentences with two or more items in a list, how do we know when to use it in our writing? Because it is stylistic in its usage- meaning that its just the preferred style of the way a sentence looks and not a rule per se- you arent always going to be using the serial comma.Here is a list of some of the most common style guides you will be using while writing, and whether or not they use the Oxford comma:Associated Press Style (AP) does not use the Oxford comma.American Psychological Association Style (APA) does use the Oxford comma.Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) does use the Oxford comma.The Modern Languages Association (MLA) does use the Oxford comma.The Oxford University Press (OUP) does use the Oxford comma.You may have noticed that the only common style guide we have listed here that does not use the Oxford comma is the Associated Press (or AP) style guide. This guide is the stylebook for journalists, public relations, and advertising professionals. There are several reasons why AP does not use the Oxford comma, but its mostly not used as a way to use space efficiently within their paragraphs.So now that we know when we are supposed to use it, lets look at some examples to show us how its done. Here are some sentences that could be clarified using the Oxford comma:Example 1I love my parents, Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande.Why this should be corrected:Though it would certainly be cool to have Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande as parents, its unlikely that this is what the writer of this sentence intended. Its very easy to pick out that this sentence is incorrect because we know for sure that Ariana Grande and Russell Westbrook dont have a child together, but in other sentences it might not be so easy. Putting the last comma in will clarify that the author actually meant that they liked all of those people separately.Example 2Jamie sat on the plane next to Will Ferrell, the famous comedian, former SNL star and a large German shepherd.Why this should be corrected:Clearly Will Ferrell isnt a famous comedian and also a large German shepherd at the same time. This sentence could ea sily be clarified with a serial comma, which would separate the words and let us know that Will Ferrell is indeed a human and not a dog. Opponents of the Oxford comma would likely say that the sentence doesnt need to add a comma but instead needs to be revised to indicate that Jamie is sitting next to both Will Ferrell and a dog.Example 3I will be enjoying cereal, eggs and coffee this morning for breakfast.Why this should be corrected:This breakfast is starting to sound appetizing until you get to the word and. Is the author putting eggs in her coffee? Is she pouring coffee over her eggs? In either case, we have to decline the invitation to brunch at her house. In all seriousness, adding that one little comma at the end clarifies that the writer intended to say she is having coffee alongside of her eggs and not on top of them.Arguments against using the Oxford commaFor every devotee to the Oxford comma, there is another person who is staunchly against its usage. Why wouldnt someone want to use this tool of language if it makes things easier to understand? An anti-Oxford comma person would argue that it could sometimes lead to more ambiguity in a sentence.Another anti-Oxford comma argument is that commas can litter up a page. Many writers and editors want the most important things to shine through in the text: the words. They argue that spilling commas and dashes and other punctuation marks throughout the text can distract the reader from what is most important and detract from the main idea.Lastly, anti-Oxford comma arguers say that most ambiguity in sentences with lists can be fixed by simply rewriting them. They argue that the sentences need to be restructured instead of merely adding some punctuation and then claiming that its no longer ambiguous.So now that we know some arguments on why we may not want to use it, here are some examples to show us what that might look like. Heres how to fix sentences without the Oxford comma:Example 1I love my parents, Russ ell Westbrook and Ariana Grande.How this could be corrected without the Oxford comma:I love my parents, but I also love Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande.Instead of adding the last comma, we have added in words that can specifically tell us that Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande are not the authors parents. We could even take it a step further and query the author to ask why these two thoughts would be connected in the first place. We could also ask her if they could feasibly be separated because they seem to be two completely different thoughts.Example 2Jamie sat on the plane next to Will Ferrell, the famous comedian, former SNL star and a large German shepherd.How this could be corrected without the Oxford comma:Jamie sat on the plane next to Will Ferrell, the famous comedian and former SNL star, as well as a large German shepherd.We have corrected the ambiguity of whether or not Will Ferrell was a dog comedian (or a comedian who had possibly turned into a dog) by adding in a few words. Now we know that the author was sitting next to Will Ferrell and a large German shepherd on the plane. We could also take this one step further by asking the author for more detail here. Was this Will Ferrells dog or did the author just get really lucky to sit by both on her plane ride? Was the dog just allowed to sit without being on a leash? If we simply fixed it with a comma then we still might not have all the information that we need.Example 3I will be enjoying cereal, eggs and coffee this morning for breakfast.How this could be corrected without the Oxford comma:For breakfast this morning, I will be enjoying cereal and eggs while drinking coffee.In this sentence we completely rearranged the order of the clauses so that it was less ambiguous what the author was doing. Theres no question now if she is putting eggs in her coffee or pouring coffee in her eggs because we know now that she is drinking coffee while eating those breakfast items.Do I have to use the Oxford c omma if Im not using a style guide?If you are not using a style guide and are writing something for personal usage, then its not necessary to use the Oxford comma. The main thing about punctuation is that no matter how you use it, just be consistent. For example, if you are writing something that does not have to adhere to a style guide, you can choose to spell out numerals over 10 if it makes sense for the audience- but just be consistent with your rules. The reason why we have style guides is to maintain a sense of consistency throughout documents so that its easier for the audience to read. If you are writing something besides a research paper or a piece of news, then just be sure to apply good writing style consistently and ask an editor if you are questioning something.Pay attention to your style guideThough you may have your personal opinions about the Oxford comma, its important to set those aside when you are working with a specific style guide that dictates whether or not i ts used. Its also crucial to make sure that youre not just following a style guide blindly and that you are making good writing decisions with every sentence. Confused on whether or not the Oxford comma is making your sentences unclear? Ask a teacher or an editor who can help you sort it out and make your writing clear.

The Role of African American Women in the Black Church

The Role of African American Women in the Black Church Faith is a strong guiding force in the lives of many African American women. And for all that they receive from their spiritual communities, they give back even more. In fact, black women have long been regarded as the backbone of the black church. But their extensive and significant contributions are made as lay leaders, not as religious heads of churches. Women Are the Majority The congregations of African American churches are predominantly women, and the pastors of African American churches are nearly all male. Why arent black women serving as spiritual leaders? What do black female churchgoers think? And despite this apparent gender inequity in the black church, why does church life continue to be so important to so many black women? Daphne C. Wiggins, former assistant professor of congregational studies at Duke Divinity School, pursued this line of questioning and in 2004 published Righteous Content: Black Womens Perspectives of Church and Faith. The book revolves around two main questions: Why are women so faithful to the Black Church?How is the Black Church faring in the eyes of women? Devotion to the Church To find out the answers, Wiggins sought out women who attended churches representing two of the largest black denominations in the U.S., interviewing 38 women from Calvary Baptist Church and Layton Temple Church of God in Christ, both in Georgia. The group was diverse in age, occupation, and marital status. Marla Frederick of Harvard University, writing in The North Star: A Journal of African-American Religious History  reviewed Wiggins book and observed: ...Wiggins explores what women give and receive in their reciprocal alliance with the church....[She] examines how women themselves understand the mission of the black church...as the center of political and social life for African Americans. While women are still committed to the historic social work of the church, they are increasingly concerned about individual spiritual transformation. According to Wiggins, â€Å"the interpersonal, emotional or spiritual needs of church and community members were primary in the women’s minds, ahead of systemic or structural injustices†.... Wiggins captures the seeming ambivalence of lay women towards the need to advocate for more women clergy or for women in positions of pastoral leadership. While women appreciate women ministers, they are not inclined towards politically addressing the glass ceiling that is evident in most protestant denominations.... From the turn of the twentieth century to now various Baptist and Pentecostal communities have differed and splintered on the issue of women’s ordination. Nevertheless, Wiggins contends that the focus on ministerial positions might camouflage the real power that women wield in churches as trustees, deaconesses and members of mothers’ boards. Gender Inequality Although gender inequity may not be of concern to many women in the black church, it is apparent to the men who preach from its pulpit. In an article entitled Practicing Liberation in the Black Church in the Christian Century, James Henry Harris, pastor of Mount Pleasant Baptist Church in Norfolk, Virginia, and adjunct assistant professor of philosophy at Old Dominion ​University writes: Sexism against black women should...be addressed by black theology and the black church. Women in black churches outnumber men by more than two to one; yet in positions of authority and responsibility the ratio is reversed. Though women are gradually entering ministry as bishops, pastors, deacons and elders, many men and women still resist and fear that development. When our church licensed a woman to the preaching ministry over a decade ago, almost all the male deacons and many women members opposed the action by appealing to tradition and selected Scripture passages. Black theology and the black church must deal with the double bondage of black women in church and society. Two ways they can do so are, first, to treat black women with the same respect as men. This means that women who are qualified for ministry must be given the same opportunities as men to become pastors and to serve in such leadership positions as deacons, stewards, trustees, etc. Second, theology and the church must eliminate exclusionist language, attitudes or practices, however benign or unintended, in order to benefit fully from the talents of women. Sources Frederick, Marla. Righteous Content: Black Womens Perspectives of Church and Faith. By Daphne C. Wiggins.  The North Star, Volume 8, Number 2 Spring 2005. Harris, James Henry. Practicing Liberation in the Black Church. Religion-Online.org. The Christian Century, June 13-20, 1990.

Quantitative and academic skills(economy) Essay

Quantitative and academic skills(economy) - Essay Example The strength of mine includes the ability to think logically, which gets reflected in my Mathematical ability. That is, I was able to think logically from childhood because of which I was able to all the Math sums without difficulty. Even though I had good teachers to help me in Math, did all my homework and had a good friend circle to discuss about mathematical problems, I think having a logical mind helped me to shine better in Math. This ability in Math continued in the higher class as well. Apart from the ‘logical’ reason, I was interested in Math because of its image of being the Universal language. That is, there will be countries in which some languages will not be spoken, but Math will be there. For example, Zulu will not be spoken, may be in Vietnam, but simple additions to high-level calculus will be practiced or calculated there. So, my interest and strength is, my ability to do Mathematical sums with ease. Another strength of mine is my ability to motivate my friends in all the situations, with the aid of my communication skills. My communication skills has been put to effective use on several occasions, when I had been asked to make presentations to fellow students and other audience members. Weaknesses will always blocks one’s targets. The problems area, which I consider as my weakness, is my fluency in English. Being from South Korea, my English is not that perfect, because of my mother tongue influences and due to lack of English speaking environment. With the daily conversations with my family members and friends always happening in Korean, I got little opportunity to use and converse in English. This affected my speaking and writing skills in English. So, when compared to my college mates, my English is little weak. The weaknesses, I discussed in the above sections can be addressed by me, if I put in the efforts, and also due to the changed environment of being an International Student. My English

A memoir story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A memoir story - Essay Example In all, a topic that should be inspirational is left as disturbing and depressing. Structurally, the first paragraph could be better by placing the first two sentences at the end of the paragraph. Also, all of the activity that took place at the hospital, and probably the church, could have been incorporated into one shorter paragraph and eliminate some of the redundant emotions. As an example, Kate gets introduced twice; once in the opening sentence and again in the body of the paragraph. Paragraphs three and four are both addressing the confusion of being faced with dying. These could be incorporated into one paragraph. The conclusion doesnt address the thesis. The premise of the essay was how life is a gift, but concludes with the writer waiting in heaven for their family to die. There were a number of grammar errors, mainly commas and the use of quotes. The quotes of the priest in paragraph four are used, but it is a statement of what he said, not his actual words. Also, the two sentences that comprise paragraph six should be incorporated into a longer paragraph that expresses a whole idea. In some strange way the day I found out I was going to die was the same day I began to live life to the fullest. It sounds like a hallmark card, I know, but it is the truth. [place at the end of the paragraph] When I left the doctor’s office I could not believe what I had heard. I thought I was going to be okay, I mean I had the hysterectomy, radiation and chemo. I did exactly what the doctors told me to do. He must be wrong; one year is not nearly enough time with the kids. â€Å"I am not going to see my girls graduate, I will not be present at their weddings, I will not have grandchildren,†[should be a period here] these are all the thoughts that were running rampant in my mind. I could feel my heart racing; my breathing was erratic and shallow. I couldn’t seem to catch my breath. I felt myself being sucked into a big black hole. Everything around

Self Control Theory of Crime

Self Control Theory of Crime Self control theory, also known as General theory of crime is a criminological theory about the lack of an individuals self-control, which is the main factor behind criminal behavior or conformity. Self control theory places much of its emphasis on parental upbringing it suggests that individuals who were ineffectually parented before the age of ten develop less self-control than individuals of roughly the same age who were raised with better parenting, even though others play a vital role in the process of proper or improper socialization (Muraven, Pogarsky and Shmueli 2006). Children with behavioral problems will tend to grow into juvenile delinquents and eventually into adult offenders according to Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990 because the path toward or away from crime commences early in life. If a child has an abusive or neglectful upbringing, he will tend to be impulsive, insensitive, physical, risk-taking, short-sighted, and nonverbal, and they will also tend to engage in the c riminal acts outlined above (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Children whose parents care about them and supervise and punish their misconduct will develop the self-control needed, through socialization, to resist the easy temptations offered by crime. This will help them in future school, work, and relationships. This theory was originally developed by criminologists Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson, but has since been the subject of theoretical debate. Hirschi once focused on social bonds rather than individual and self control as a source for criminality, but his viewed shifted and Gottfredson and Hirschi strayed from Hirschis previous theory that continuing social bonds cushion against criminal behavior in favor of the proposition that self control, internalized early in life, determines who will be likely to commit crime (Grasmick, et al. 1993). This theory is more practical, according to Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990 this theory propose that self-control is the general concept around which all of the known facts about crime can be organized. Hirschis former theory of criminality was a classical theory and according to Brownfield and Sorenson 1993 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"classical theory and the concept of self-control are remarkably compatible. Self-control theory is similar to learning theory because learning theory believes that lack of self-control is a basic component or element of the deviant learning process. Even though one learns from the stimuli around them behavior is also the result of something within us, which is self-control. Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990 define crime as, acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self interest. This definition leads to the conclusion that any law violation, including murder, robbery, or property crime, that is done for reasons other than self-interest is not crime and cannot be explained by their theory (Grasmick et al. 1993). Low self-control is supposed to explain an individuals propensity to commit or refrain from committing crimes, just as high self-control explains an individuals likelihood of conforming to social norms and laws (Akers 1991). The authors explain that the concept of self control is not deterministic and that people involved with crime also engage in similar behaviors that provide short-term gratification (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Smoking, drinking, gambling, irresponsible sex, and speeding in cars are all examples of risky behaviors that may be noticeable in criminal individuals who seek immediate gratification. Six elements of self-control are presented, one of which is that crimes require little skill or planning (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Naturally, this is a source of criticism, since many criminals do plan their deviant acts and have become quite specialized in these activities. Self-control theory argues that a lack of self-control is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for crime to occur, because other properties of the individual or of the situation may counteract ones likelihood of committing deviant acts (Hirschi and Gottfredson 1993). The theorists have absolutely stated that their viewpoint, not like many others, is not meant to predict any particular type of activity since most deviant behavior, by its very nature, is impulsive and opportunistic. Therefore, everything else being equal, low self-control and a weak bond to society should positively and significantly predict a variety of deviant and criminal conduct (Polakowski 1994). Though lack of self-control and the familys role in its failed development do not mean that one will become deviant but it will provide circumstances that will make conditions favorable for delinquency. Hirschi has written supplemental information regarding the dynamics of the familys important role in reducing delinquency. He says that some aspects of family structure and practice appear to have an impact on delinquency in their own right, over and above their influence on the childs level of self control or socialization. This theory is applied to age, gender, and racial variations in crime, peer groups, schools, and the family, cross-cultural comparisons, white-collar crime, and organized crime. Gottfredson and Hirschi say there are differences among racial and ethnic groups, as there are between the sexes, in levels of direct supervision by the family (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). It is not the gender, race, or age of an individual that directly influences his criminality, but these factors indirectly affect the amount of socialization by parents. An evaluation of the age-crime relationship, however, has shown that for certain crimes, the variable of age may actually be a dire ct result of lack of self-control (Greenberg 1994). Hirschi believes that policies put in place that are designed to deter or rehabilitate offenders are failures, but effective policies that support and enhance the socialization in family would strengthen the family dynamics by improving the quality of family child-rearing practices. Therefore, effective policies would not only focus on preventing teenage pregnancies, but on maintaining a fathers involvement with the childs life. Hirschi contends that initiating these public policy reforms would strengthen family bonds, increase socialization, and create greater self-control in the child that will make it unlikely that he will exhibit deviant behavior (Hirschi 1995). This theory alleges to address all types of crime that Hirschis first theory in Causes of Delinquency did not, but many simply find Gottfredson and Hirschis definition of crime to be unconvincing. Though studies in general support the theorys major conclusion that low self-control is linked to criminal involvement, they do make some valid points regarding weaknesses inherent in the self-control theory of crime. In A General Theory of Crime Gottfredson and Hirschi offer no general or specific empirical test of the theory (Akers 1991). This makes their claims seem grandiose, though the major view appears to be true. The theory has also been accused of being tautological, because they do not define self-control separately from the propensity to commit crimes and analogous behavior (Akers 1991). They use the term criminality and self-control synonymously, which is like saying low self control causes low self-control, or criminality causes criminality. Critics have suggested that an indep endent indicator of self- control is necessary to truly define self-control. It has also been suggested by critics that this theory wrongfully claims other theories are unimportant (Akers 1991). Counter-intuitive to the logic of self-control theory, a longitudinal study was conducted showing that adult social bonds, like stable employment and cohesive marriages for example, can redirect offenders into a lifestyle of conformity beyond the childhood years of socialization. Studies have also shown that the relationship among self-control, crime, and analogous behaviors was also questionable. Overall, it seems that this theory carries heavy paternalistic undertones and the key to developing self-control is proper socialization, especially in childhood. Gottfredson and Hirschi find the traditional role of women and men to be crucial to the development of children. They seem to feel that if society could regain traditional American values with the woman staying at home, the husband working during the day, and the children disciplined by both parents, criminality would decrease. They do not even consider the outcomes of single-parent, divorced or un-wed parents, but they are a reality in contemporary society. In summary, Travis Hirschi has had a significant impact on the world of criminology. His two major theories, the control theory of delinquency and self-control theory, despite criticism have guided public policy reformations, and are quite popular today. Akers, Ronald L. Self-control as a general theory of crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 1991: 201-211. Brownfield, David, and Ann Marie Sorenson. Self-control and juvenile delinquency:theoretical issues and an empirical assessment of selected elements of a general theory of crime. Deviant Behavior, 1993: 243-264. Gottfredson, Michael R., and Travis Hirschi. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990. Grasmick, Harold G., Charles R Tittle, Jr., Robert J Bursik, and Bruce J Arneklev. Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschis general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 1993: 5-29. Hirschi, Travis, and Michael Gottfredson. Commentary: Testing the General Theory of Crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 1993: 47-54. Muraven, Mark, Greg Pogarsky, and Dikla Shmueli. Self-control Depletion and the General Theory of Crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2006: 263-277. Polakowski, Michael. Linking self-and social control with deviance: illuminating the structure underlying a General Theory of Crime and its relation to deviant activity. Journal of Quantative Criminology, 1994: 41-79.